太(tai)陽能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。不論產銷量(liang)、發(fa)(fa)展速(su)度和(he)發(fa)(fa)展前景(jing)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)都趕不上光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可能因光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)普及較廣而接(jie)觸光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較少(shao)，通(tong)常民間(jian)所說的太(tai)陽能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)往往指的就是太(tai)陽能光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，簡稱(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

       光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是根據光(guang)生伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特效(xiao)應原(yuan)理(li),利用(yong)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)能(neng)(neng)直接(jie)轉化(hua)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。不論(lun)是獨(du)立(li)使(shi)用(yong)還是并網發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統主要(yao)由(you)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板（組件）、控(kong)制器(qi)和逆變器(qi)三大(da)部(bu)(bu)分組成(cheng)(cheng)，它(ta)們(men)主要(yao)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器(qi)件構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)，不涉及機械部(bu)(bu)件,所以,光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備極為精(jing)煉,可靠(kao)穩定壽(shou)命長(chang)、安裝維護(hu)簡(jian)便(bian)。理(li)論(lun)上講,光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術可以用(yong)于任何需要(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的場(chang)合(he),上至(zhi)(zhi)航天器(qi),下至(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan),大(da)到兆瓦(wa)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站,小到玩具,光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)無處不在(zai)。國(guo)產晶體硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)效(xiao)率在(zai)10至(zhi)(zhi)13%左右，國(guo)外同類產品效(xiao)率約12至(zhi)(zhi)14%。由(you)一個(ge)或多(duo)個(ge)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)片(pian)組成(cheng)(cheng)的太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板稱為光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)組件。

       太(tai)陽能(neng)光(guang)伏發電(dian)系統(tong)由太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)池組(zu)、太(tai)陽能(neng)控(kong)制器、蓄電(dian)池（組(zu)）組(zu)成(cheng)。如輸出(chu)電(dian)源為交流220V或110V，還需要配(pei)置逆變器。各部(bu)分(fen)的作用為：

      （一）太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)池板：太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)池板是(shi)(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)系統中的(de)核心(xin)部(bu)分，也是(shi)(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)系統中價值最高(gao)的(de)部(bu)分。其作(zuo)用是(shi)(shi)將太(tai)陽(yang)的(de)輻射能(neng)(neng)力轉換為電(dian)能(neng)(neng)，或送往蓄電(dian)池中存儲起來，或推動負載工作(zuo)。 

      （二）太陽能(neng)(neng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制器(qi)：太陽能(neng)(neng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制器(qi)的作(zuo)(zuo)用是控(kong)(kong)(kong)制整個(ge)系(xi)統的工作(zuo)(zuo)狀(zhuang)態，并對蓄電(dian)池起到過(guo)(guo)充電(dian)保護、過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)保護的作(zuo)(zuo)用。在溫差(cha)較大的地方，合格(ge)的控(kong)(kong)(kong)制器(qi)還(huan)應具備溫度補償的功能(neng)(neng)。其他附加功能(neng)(neng)如光(guang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)開關、時(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)開關都應當是控(kong)(kong)(kong)制器(qi)的可選項； 

      （三）蓄電(dian)池：一(yi)般為鉛酸電(dian)池，小微(wei)型系統(tong)中，也(ye)可(ke)用鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池、鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池或(huo)鋰電(dian)池。其作用是在(zai)有光照(zhao)時將(jiang)太陽(yang)能電(dian)池板所(suo)發(fa)出的電(dian)能儲存起來(lai)，到需要(yao)的時候再釋放出來(lai)。 

      （四）逆變器(qi)：太(tai)陽能(neng)的(de)直接輸出(chu)一般都是12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為(wei)能(neng)向220VAC的(de)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)提(ti)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，需要將太(tai)陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)系統所發出(chu)的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換成交流電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，因此(ci)需要使用DC-AC逆變器(qi)。