太(tai)陽能發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)分(fen)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)和光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)。不論(lun)產(chan)銷(xiao)量、發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)速度和發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)前景(jing)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)都趕(gan)不上(shang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)。可(ke)能因光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)普及較廣而(er)接觸光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)較少，通常(chang)民間所說的(de)太(tai)陽能發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)往(wang)往(wang)指的(de)就是太(tai)陽能光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)，簡稱光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)。

       光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)是(shi)根(gen)據光(guang)(guang)(guang)生伏(fu)(fu)特效應原(yuan)理(li),利用(yong)太陽能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)將太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)能直接轉(zhuan)化為電(dian)(dian)能。不(bu)論是(shi)獨立(li)使用(yong)還(huan)是(shi)并網發(fa)電(dian)(dian),光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統主要由(you)太陽能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)（組(zu)件(jian)）、控制器和逆變(bian)器三大部(bu)(bu)分組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，它們主要由(you)電(dian)(dian)子元器件(jian)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，不(bu)涉及機(ji)械部(bu)(bu)件(jian),所以,光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)設備極為精煉,可(ke)(ke)靠穩定壽命長、安裝(zhuang)維護簡便。理(li)論上講(jiang),光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)技術可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)于任何需要電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的場合,上至(zhi)(zhi)航(hang)天器,下至(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan),大到兆瓦級電(dian)(dian)站,小到玩具(ju),光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)無處不(bu)在。國產晶體(ti)硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)效率在10至(zhi)(zhi)13%左右(you)，國外同(tong)類產品效率約12至(zhi)(zhi)14%。由(you)一個或多個太陽能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)片組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的太陽能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)稱(cheng)為光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)組(zu)件(jian)。

       太陽能光伏發電(dian)系(xi)統由(you)太陽能電(dian)池組、太陽能控制器、蓄電(dian)池（組）組成(cheng)。如輸出電(dian)源為交流220V或110V，還需要(yao)配(pei)置逆變器。各部分的(de)作(zuo)用為：

      （一(yi)）太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池板：太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池板是太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統中的(de)(de)核心(xin)部分，也是太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統中價值最高(gao)的(de)(de)部分。其作用(yong)是將太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)輻射(she)能(neng)(neng)力轉換為電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，或(huo)送往蓄電(dian)(dian)池中存儲起來，或(huo)推(tui)動(dong)負載工作。 

      （二）太陽能控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)：太陽能控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)的(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)整個系(xi)統的(de)(de)工(gong)作狀態，并對(dui)蓄電(dian)池起到(dao)過(guo)充電(dian)保(bao)(bao)護、過(guo)放電(dian)保(bao)(bao)護的(de)(de)作用(yong)。在溫差(cha)較大的(de)(de)地(di)方，合格(ge)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)還(huan)應(ying)具備溫度(du)補償的(de)(de)功(gong)能。其他附加功(gong)能如光控(kong)開關、時控(kong)開關都應(ying)當是(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)的(de)(de)可選項； 

      （三）蓄電(dian)池(chi)：一般為鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)，小微型系統中(zhong)，也可(ke)用鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)、鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池(chi)或鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)。其作用是在有光照時將太陽能電(dian)池(chi)板所發出的(de)電(dian)能儲存起(qi)來，到需要的(de)時候再釋放出來。 

      （四(si)）逆變器：太陽能(neng)的(de)直接(jie)輸出(chu)一(yi)般都是12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為能(neng)向(xiang)220VAC的(de)電(dian)器提供(gong)電(dian)能(neng)，需要(yao)將太陽能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)系統所(suo)發(fa)出(chu)的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)能(neng)轉換成(cheng)交流(liu)電(dian)能(neng)，因此需要(yao)使(shi)用DC-AC逆變器。