太陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。不(bu)論產銷量、發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)速度和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)前(qian)景、光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)都(dou)趕不(bu)上光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可能因光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)普及較廣而接觸光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較少，通常民間所(suo)說(shuo)的(de)太陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)往往指的(de)就是太陽(yang)能光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，簡稱光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

       光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)根據光(guang)(guang)生伏(fu)(fu)特效(xiao)(xiao)應原(yuan)理(li),利用太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)將太(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)直(zhi)接轉化為電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。不論是(shi)(shi)獨立使用還是(shi)(shi)并網發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian),光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統主要由(you)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板（組(zu)件(jian)）、控制器和逆變器三大部分組(zu)成(cheng)，它們主要由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)器件(jian)構成(cheng)，不涉及機械部件(jian),所以(yi),光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備極為精煉,可靠穩(wen)定壽命長、安(an)裝(zhuang)維護簡便。理(li)論上(shang)講(jiang),光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術可以(yi)用于任何需要電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的場(chang)合,上(shang)至(zhi)航天器,下至(zhi)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)源,大到兆(zhao)瓦級電(dian)(dian)(dian)站,小到玩具,光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源無處(chu)不在(zai)(zai)。國產晶體硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)效(xiao)(xiao)率在(zai)(zai)10至(zhi)13%左右，國外同類(lei)產品效(xiao)(xiao)率約12至(zhi)14%。由(you)一個(ge)或多個(ge)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)片組(zu)成(cheng)的太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板稱為光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)組(zu)件(jian)。

       太(tai)陽能光伏發電系統由(you)太(tai)陽能電池組(zu)、太(tai)陽能控制(zhi)器(qi)、蓄(xu)電池（組(zu)）組(zu)成。如(ru)輸(shu)出電源為(wei)交流(liu)220V或110V，還需要配置逆變器(qi)。各部(bu)分(fen)的作用為(wei)：

      （一）太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池板(ban)：太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池板(ban)是太(tai)陽(yang)能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)中的核心部分，也是太(tai)陽(yang)能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)中價值(zhi)最(zui)高(gao)的部分。其作用是將太(tai)陽(yang)的輻(fu)射能力轉換(huan)為電(dian)(dian)能，或送往蓄電(dian)(dian)池中存儲起(qi)來(lai)，或推動負載工作。 

      （二）太陽能控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)：太陽能控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用是控(kong)制(zhi)整個(ge)系統的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態，并對(dui)蓄(xu)電池起到過充電保(bao)護、過放電保(bao)護的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。在(zai)溫差較大的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方，合(he)格的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)還應(ying)具備(bei)溫度補(bu)償的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能。其他附加功(gong)能如(ru)光控(kong)開關、時(shi)控(kong)開關都(dou)應(ying)當是控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)可選(xuan)項(xiang)； 

      （三）蓄(xu)電(dian)池：一(yi)般為鉛酸電(dian)池，小微型系統中(zhong)，也可用鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池、鎳鎘電(dian)池或鋰電(dian)池。其作用是在有光(guang)照時(shi)將太陽能電(dian)池板所(suo)發(fa)出(chu)的(de)電(dian)能儲存起來，到需要的(de)時(shi)候再(zai)釋放出(chu)來。 

      （四）逆變(bian)器(qi)：太(tai)陽能(neng)的直(zhi)接輸出一般都是12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為(wei)能(neng)向220VAC的電器(qi)提供(gong)電能(neng)，需要(yao)將太(tai)陽能(neng)發電系統(tong)所發出的直(zhi)流電能(neng)轉換成交流電能(neng)，因(yin)此需要(yao)使用DC-AC逆變(bian)器(qi)。