太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)分光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)和光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)。不(bu)論產銷量、發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)速度和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)前景(jing)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)都趕不(bu)上光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)。可能(neng)(neng)因光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)普及較廣(guang)而(er)接觸光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)較少(shao)，通常民間所說的太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)往往指(zhi)的就是太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)，簡稱光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)。

       光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)是根據光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)生(sheng)伏特效(xiao)應原理(li),利用太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池將太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)能直接轉化為電(dian)(dian)能。不(bu)論(lun)是獨(du)立使(shi)用還(huan)是并網發電(dian)(dian),光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)系統主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池板（組(zu)件）、控制器和逆變器三大部分組(zu)成，它們主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)電(dian)(dian)子元器件構(gou)成，不(bu)涉及機械部件,所以,光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)設備極為精煉,可(ke)靠穩定壽(shou)命(ming)長(chang)、安裝維護簡便(bian)。理(li)論(lun)上講(jiang),光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)技術可(ke)以用于任何需要(yao)電(dian)(dian)源的場合,上至航天器,下至家用電(dian)(dian)源,大到兆瓦級電(dian)(dian)站(zhan),小到玩(wan)具,光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)源無(wu)處不(bu)在。國(guo)(guo)產晶體硅電(dian)(dian)池效(xiao)率(lv)在10至13%左右(you)，國(guo)(guo)外同類(lei)產品效(xiao)率(lv)約12至14%。由(you)一個(ge)或多個(ge)太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池片組(zu)成的太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池板稱為光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏組(zu)件。

       太(tai)陽能光(guang)伏發電(dian)系統由(you)太(tai)陽能電(dian)池(chi)組、太(tai)陽能控制器(qi)、蓄電(dian)池(chi)（組）組成。如(ru)輸出(chu)電(dian)源為(wei)交流(liu)220V或110V，還需要配置(zhi)逆變器(qi)。各部分的作(zuo)用為(wei)：

      （一）太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)池板(ban)：太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)池板(ban)是太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能發電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中的核心部(bu)分，也是太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能發電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中價值最高的部(bu)分。其作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)是將太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)的輻射能力轉換為電(dian)能，或送往(wang)蓄(xu)電(dian)池中存儲(chu)起(qi)來，或推動負載工作(zuo)(zuo)。 

      （二）太陽能控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器：太陽能控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器的(de)作用(yong)是控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)整個系統的(de)工作狀態(tai)，并對蓄電池(chi)起到過(guo)充電保護、過(guo)放電保護的(de)作用(yong)。在(zai)溫(wen)差(cha)較大的(de)地方，合格的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器還應具備溫(wen)度補償的(de)功能。其他附加功能如光控(kong)(kong)開關、時控(kong)(kong)開關都(dou)應當(dang)是控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器的(de)可選(xuan)項； 

      （三）蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)：一般為(wei)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，小微型系統中，也可用鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。其作用是在(zai)有光(guang)照時將太陽能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板所(suo)發出的電(dian)(dian)能儲存起來，到需要的時候(hou)再釋放(fang)出來。 

      （四(si)）逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)：太陽(yang)能(neng)的直(zhi)接輸出(chu)一般都是12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為能(neng)向220VAC的電(dian)(dian)器(qi)提供電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，需要將(jiang)太陽(yang)能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統所發(fa)出(chu)的直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換成交流電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，因此需要使用DC-AC逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)。