太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分光(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。不(bu)論產銷(xiao)量、發(fa)展速度和發(fa)展前景、光(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)都趕(gan)不(bu)上光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可能(neng)因光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)普及較廣而接觸光(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較少，通常民(min)間(jian)所說(shuo)的太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)往往指的就是太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，簡稱光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

       光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是根據光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)伏(fu)(fu)特效應原理,利用太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)直(zhi)接(jie)轉化為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。不論(lun)是獨立使(shi)用還是并(bing)網(wang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統主要由太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板（組件(jian)）、控制器(qi)和(he)逆(ni)變器(qi)三大部分組成(cheng)，它們主要由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元器(qi)件(jian)構成(cheng)，不涉及機械(xie)部件(jian),所以,光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備極(ji)為精煉,可靠穩(wen)定(ding)壽命長、安裝維(wei)護簡便。理論(lun)上講,光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術可以用于任(ren)何(he)需(xu)要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)場合,上至航(hang)天器(qi),下至家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源,大到兆(zhao)瓦級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan),小(xiao)到玩具,光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源無處不在。國產晶體硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)效率(lv)在10至13%左右(you)，國外同(tong)類產品效率(lv)約12至14%。由一個或(huo)多個太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)片組成(cheng)的(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板稱為光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)組件(jian)。

       太陽能光(guang)伏發電(dian)系(xi)統由太陽能電(dian)池組、太陽能控(kong)制器、蓄電(dian)池（組）組成。如輸出電(dian)源為(wei)交流220V或110V，還需要配置逆變器。各部分的作用為(wei)：

      （一）太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)：太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)是太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)中的(de)核心部(bu)(bu)分(fen)，也是太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)中價值最(zui)高的(de)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。其作用(yong)是將太(tai)陽(yang)的(de)輻(fu)射能(neng)力轉換(huan)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，或送往蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中存(cun)儲起(qi)來(lai)，或推動負載工作。 

      （二）太陽能(neng)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器：太陽能(neng)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器的作用(yong)是(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)整個系統的工作狀態，并(bing)對蓄(xu)電池起到過充電保護、過放(fang)電保護的作用(yong)。在溫(wen)差較大的地(di)方，合(he)格的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器還應(ying)具備(bei)溫(wen)度補償(chang)的功能(neng)。其他(ta)附(fu)加(jia)功能(neng)如(ru)光控(kong)(kong)開關(guan)(guan)、時控(kong)(kong)開關(guan)(guan)都(dou)應(ying)當是(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器的可選(xuan)項； 

      （三）蓄電(dian)(dian)池：一般為鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池，小微(wei)型系統中，也可用鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池或鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池。其(qi)作用是在有光照時將太陽能電(dian)(dian)池板所發出的(de)電(dian)(dian)能儲存起來(lai)(lai)，到需要的(de)時候再釋放出來(lai)(lai)。 

      （四）逆(ni)變器：太(tai)陽能(neng)的直接輸出一般都是12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為能(neng)向220VAC的電(dian)器提供電(dian)能(neng)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)將太(tai)陽能(neng)發電(dian)系統所發出的直流(liu)電(dian)能(neng)轉換成(cheng)交流(liu)電(dian)能(neng)，因此需(xu)要(yao)(yao)使用DC-AC逆(ni)變器。