太(tai)陽能發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)分光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。不(bu)論(lun)產銷量、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展速(su)度和(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展前景、光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)都趕不(bu)上(shang)光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。可能因光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)普(pu)及較(jiao)廣而接觸光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)較(jiao)少(shao)，通常民間所說的太(tai)陽能發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)往(wang)往(wang)指的就是太(tai)陽能光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，簡稱光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

       光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)根據光(guang)生伏(fu)特效(xiao)應原理(li),利用太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池將太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)能(neng)(neng)直接轉(zhuan)化為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。不論是(shi)獨立(li)使用還是(shi)并(bing)網發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板（組件(jian)）、控制(zhi)器和逆變器三大部(bu)分組成(cheng)，它們主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器件(jian)構成(cheng)，不涉及機械部(bu)件(jian),所以(yi),光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備極為精煉(lian),可靠穩定壽命長、安裝(zhuang)維護簡便。理(li)論上講,光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術可以(yi)用于任(ren)何需(xu)要(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的場合,上至航天器,下至家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源,大到(dao)兆瓦級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站,小(xiao)到(dao)玩(wan)具,光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源無處不在。國產(chan)晶(jing)體硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池效(xiao)率在10至13%左右，國外同類產(chan)品效(xiao)率約12至14%。由(you)一個或多個太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池片組成(cheng)的太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板稱為光(guang)伏(fu)組件(jian)。

       太陽(yang)能光伏(fu)發電系(xi)統由(you)太陽(yang)能電池(chi)組、太陽(yang)能控制器(qi)、蓄(xu)電池(chi)（組）組成(cheng)。如輸出電源為交流220V或110V，還需(xu)要配(pei)置逆變器(qi)。各部分的作(zuo)用為：

      （一）太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)：太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)是太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統中的(de)(de)核心部分，也是太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統中價值(zhi)最高的(de)(de)部分。其作(zuo)用是將太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽的(de)(de)輻射能(neng)力轉換為電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，或(huo)(huo)送往蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中存儲(chu)起來(lai)，或(huo)(huo)推動(dong)負(fu)載工作(zuo)。 

      （二）太陽(yang)能(neng)控(kong)制(zhi)器：太陽(yang)能(neng)控(kong)制(zhi)器的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)整個系統的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)狀態，并(bing)對蓄電(dian)池起到過(guo)充電(dian)保護(hu)、過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)保護(hu)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。在溫差(cha)較大的(de)地(di)方(fang)，合格的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)器還應(ying)具備溫度補償的(de)功能(neng)。其他附加功能(neng)如光控(kong)開關、時控(kong)開關都應(ying)當(dang)是(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)器的(de)可(ke)選項； 

      （三）蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池：一般為(wei)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，小微(wei)型(xing)系(xi)統中，也可用鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池或(huo)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。其作用是在(zai)有光照(zhao)時將太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板所發出的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)儲存起來，到需要的時候再釋放出來。 

      （四）逆變(bian)器(qi)：太陽(yang)能(neng)的(de)直接輸出一(yi)般都是12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為能(neng)向220VAC的(de)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，需要將太陽(yang)能(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統所發(fa)(fa)出的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換成交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，因此需要使(shi)用DC-AC逆變(bian)器(qi)。