太(tai)陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)分光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。不論產銷量、發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)速度和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)前(qian)景、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)都趕不上光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。可能因(yin)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)普(pu)及較廣(guang)而接觸光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)較少(shao)，通常民(min)間(jian)所說(shuo)的太(tai)陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)往(wang)往(wang)指的就(jiu)是太(tai)陽(yang)能光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，簡稱光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

       光伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是根據光生伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)效(xiao)應原理(li),利用太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)將太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光能(neng)直接轉化為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。不論是獨(du)立使用還是并網發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),光伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統主要由(you)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)（組件(jian)）、控制器(qi)和逆變器(qi)三大部分組成，它們主要由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器(qi)件(jian)構成，不涉(she)及機械部件(jian),所(suo)以(yi),光伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)極為(wei)精(jing)煉,可靠穩(wen)定壽命長、安裝維護簡便(bian)。理(li)論上講,光伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術可以(yi)用于任何需要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的場(chang)合,上至(zhi)航天器(qi),下至(zhi)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源,大到(dao)兆瓦級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站,小到(dao)玩具(ju),光伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源無處不在。國產(chan)晶(jing)體硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)在10至(zhi)13%左(zuo)右(you)，國外同類產(chan)品效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)約12至(zhi)14%。由(you)一(yi)個(ge)或多個(ge)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)片組成的太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)稱為(wei)光伏(fu)(fu)(fu)組件(jian)。

       太陽(yang)(yang)能光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電系統由(you)太陽(yang)(yang)能電池組(zu)、太陽(yang)(yang)能控制器(qi)、蓄電池（組(zu)）組(zu)成(cheng)。如輸(shu)出電源為交流220V或(huo)110V，還需要配置逆變(bian)器(qi)。各部分的作用為：

      （一）太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)電池(chi)板：太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)電池(chi)板是(shi)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)發電系統中(zhong)(zhong)的核(he)心部(bu)分，也是(shi)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)發電系統中(zhong)(zhong)價值最高的部(bu)分。其作用是(shi)將太(tai)陽的輻射(she)能(neng)(neng)力轉換(huan)為電能(neng)(neng)，或送往蓄電池(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)存儲起來，或推動負載(zai)工作。 

      （二(er)）太陽能控(kong)制器：太陽能控(kong)制器的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)控(kong)制整個系統的(de)工作(zuo)狀態，并(bing)對蓄(xu)電(dian)池起到過充電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)、過放電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。在溫(wen)差較大的(de)地方，合格的(de)控(kong)制器還應具備溫(wen)度補(bu)償的(de)功能。其他附(fu)加功能如(ru)光控(kong)開(kai)關、時控(kong)開(kai)關都應當是(shi)控(kong)制器的(de)可(ke)選項； 

      （三(san)）蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)：一般為鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，小微型系統中(zhong)，也可用鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)或(huo)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。其作用是在有(you)光照(zhao)時將太陽能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)所發(fa)出的電(dian)(dian)能儲存起(qi)來(lai)，到需要(yao)的時候再釋(shi)放(fang)出來(lai)。 

      （四(si)）逆變器：太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)直接輸出一般都(dou)是12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為能(neng)(neng)(neng)向220VAC的(de)(de)電器提(ti)供電能(neng)(neng)(neng)，需要將太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發電系統所發出的(de)(de)直流(liu)電能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成交流(liu)電能(neng)(neng)(neng)，因此(ci)需要使(shi)用(yong)DC-AC逆變器。