太(tai)陽能(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)分光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。不論產銷量、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展速(su)度和發(fa)(fa)(fa)展前景、光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)都(dou)趕不上(shang)光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。可能(neng)因光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)普及較廣而(er)接(jie)觸(chu)光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)較少，通常民間所說的太(tai)陽能(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)往往指的就是太(tai)陽能(neng)光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，簡稱光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

       光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)是(shi)根據光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)伏(fu)特(te)效(xiao)應原理,利用太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)將太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)能(neng)直接轉(zhuan)化為(wei)(wei)電(dian)能(neng)。不(bu)論是(shi)獨立使(shi)用還是(shi)并網發(fa)電(dian),光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)系統主要(yao)由(you)(you)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)板（組(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)）、控制(zhi)器和逆(ni)變器三(san)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)，它(ta)們主要(yao)由(you)(you)電(dian)子元(yuan)器件(jian)(jian)(jian)構成(cheng)，不(bu)涉及機械(xie)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian),所以,光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)設備(bei)極為(wei)(wei)精煉,可靠穩定壽(shou)命(ming)長、安裝維護簡便。理論上講,光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)技術可以用于任何(he)需(xu)要(yao)電(dian)源(yuan)的場合,上至航(hang)天器,下至家(jia)用電(dian)源(yuan),大(da)到(dao)兆瓦級電(dian)站,小到(dao)玩(wan)具,光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)源(yuan)無處不(bu)在(zai)。國產(chan)晶體(ti)硅電(dian)池(chi)效(xiao)率在(zai)10至13%左右，國外同類產(chan)品效(xiao)率約12至14%。由(you)(you)一個或多個太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)片組(zu)成(cheng)的太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)板稱為(wei)(wei)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)組(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。

       太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)光伏發電(dian)系統由太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池組(zu)(zu)、太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)控制器(qi)、蓄電(dian)池（組(zu)(zu)）組(zu)(zu)成。如輸(shu)出電(dian)源(yuan)為(wei)交流220V或(huo)110V，還需要配置逆變器(qi)。各部分(fen)的作用(yong)為(wei)：

      （一）太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)池板：太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)池板是太陽能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)系統中的核(he)心部分，也是太陽能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)系統中價(jia)值最高的部分。其作用是將(jiang)太陽的輻射(she)能(neng)(neng)力轉換為電(dian)能(neng)(neng)，或送往蓄(xu)電(dian)池中存儲起(qi)來，或推動負載工作。 

      （二）太陽(yang)能控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器：太陽(yang)能控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器的作(zuo)(zuo)用是(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)整個(ge)系統的工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)狀態，并(bing)對蓄電池起到(dao)過充電保護、過放電保護的作(zuo)(zuo)用。在溫(wen)差較大的地方，合格的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器還應具(ju)備溫(wen)度補償的功能。其他(ta)附加功能如光控(kong)(kong)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)、時控(kong)(kong)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)都應當是(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器的可選項； 

      （三）蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)：一般為鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，小(xiao)微型系統中(zhong)，也可用鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)或鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。其作(zuo)用是在有(you)光照時將太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板所(suo)發出(chu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)能儲存(cun)起來，到需要的(de)時候再釋放出(chu)來。 

      （四）逆變器：太陽能(neng)(neng)的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)接輸(shu)出一般(ban)都是12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為能(neng)(neng)向(xiang)220VAC的(de)電(dian)(dian)器提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，需要(yao)將太陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)所發(fa)出的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，因此需要(yao)使用DC-AC逆變器。