太(tai)陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。不論產銷量(liang)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)速度和(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)前景、光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)都趕不上光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可能因光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)普及較廣而(er)接觸光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較少，通常(chang)民間所說的太(tai)陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)往(wang)往(wang)指(zhi)的就是(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)能光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，簡稱(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

       光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)根據光(guang)生伏(fu)(fu)特效(xiao)應原(yuan)理(li),利用(yong)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽光(guang)能(neng)直接轉化為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。不(bu)論(lun)是(shi)獨(du)立使(shi)用(yong)還是(shi)并網發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統主(zhu)要(yao)由太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板（組件(jian)）、控制(zhi)器和(he)逆變器三(san)大(da)(da)部(bu)分組成，它們主(zhu)要(yao)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)器件(jian)構成，不(bu)涉及(ji)機械部(bu)件(jian),所以(yi),光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)極為精煉,可靠穩定(ding)壽(shou)命長、安裝維護簡便。理(li)論(lun)上(shang)講,光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術可以(yi)用(yong)于任何需要(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的場合,上(shang)至航天器,下至家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan),大(da)(da)到兆瓦級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站,小到玩具(ju),光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)無處不(bu)在。國(guo)產(chan)晶(jing)體硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)效(xiao)率在10至13%左右，國(guo)外同類產(chan)品效(xiao)率約12至14%。由一個(ge)(ge)或(huo)多個(ge)(ge)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)片(pian)組成的太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板稱(cheng)為光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)組件(jian)。

       太陽能光伏發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統由太陽能電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)、太陽能控(kong)制器、蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)（組(zu)）組(zu)成。如輸出電(dian)源(yuan)為(wei)交(jiao)流220V或110V，還需要配置(zhi)逆變器。各部分(fen)的作用為(wei)：

      （一）太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板：太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板是太陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中的(de)核心部(bu)分，也是太陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中價值最高的(de)部(bu)分。其(qi)作用是將太陽的(de)輻射能(neng)力(li)轉換(huan)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，或(huo)送往蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池中存(cun)儲(chu)起來，或(huo)推動(dong)負(fu)載(zai)工作。 

      （二）太陽能控制器(qi)(qi)：太陽能控制器(qi)(qi)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)控制整個系統的(de)工作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態，并對蓄電(dian)池起到過充電(dian)保護、過放電(dian)保護的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。在(zai)溫差較大的(de)地方，合(he)格(ge)的(de)控制器(qi)(qi)還應(ying)具備(bei)溫度補償的(de)功(gong)能。其他(ta)附(fu)加功(gong)能如光控開關(guan)、時控開關(guan)都(dou)應(ying)當是(shi)控制器(qi)(qi)的(de)可選項； 

      （三）蓄電池：一般(ban)為(wei)鉛酸電池，小微型系統中(zhong)，也可用鎳氫電池、鎳鎘電池或鋰電池。其作用是在有光照時將(jiang)太陽能(neng)電池板所發(fa)出的(de)電能(neng)儲存起來，到需要的(de)時候再釋放出來。 

      （四(si)）逆(ni)變器(qi)(qi)：太陽(yang)能的(de)直接輸出(chu)一般(ban)都是12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為能向220VAC的(de)電器(qi)(qi)提供電能，需(xu)要將太陽(yang)能發電系統(tong)所發出(chu)的(de)直流電能轉換成(cheng)交(jiao)流電能，因此需(xu)要使用DC-AC逆(ni)變器(qi)(qi)。