太陽能發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)分光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。不論產銷量、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展速度和(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展前景(jing)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)都趕不上(shang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。可能因光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)普及較(jiao)(jiao)廣而(er)接(jie)觸光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)較(jiao)(jiao)少，通常民間所說(shuo)的太陽能發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)往往指的就是太陽能光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，簡稱(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

       光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)是根據光(guang)(guang)生伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)特效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)應原理,利用(yong)(yong)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池將太(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)直(zhi)接轉化為電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。不(bu)論是獨立使用(yong)(yong)還是并網發電(dian)(dian),光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)系統主要由(you)(you)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池板（組件）、控制器和逆(ni)變器三大部分組成(cheng)，它們主要由(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)器件構(gou)成(cheng)，不(bu)涉(she)及(ji)機械部件,所以(yi),光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)設備極為精煉,可靠穩定(ding)壽命長、安裝(zhuang)維護簡便。理論上(shang)講(jiang),光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)技(ji)術可以(yi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)任(ren)何需(xu)要電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)場合,上(shang)至航(hang)天器,下至家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)源,大到兆瓦級電(dian)(dian)站,小到玩具,光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)源無處不(bu)在。國產(chan)晶體(ti)硅電(dian)(dian)池效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)在10至13%左右，國外同(tong)類產(chan)品效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)約12至14%。由(you)(you)一個或(huo)多個太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池片組成(cheng)的(de)(de)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池板稱為光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)組件。

       太陽能(neng)光伏發(fa)電(dian)系統(tong)由(you)太陽能(neng)電(dian)池組(zu)、太陽能(neng)控(kong)制器(qi)、蓄電(dian)池（組(zu)）組(zu)成。如輸出(chu)電(dian)源為交(jiao)流220V或110V，還(huan)需要配置逆變(bian)器(qi)。各部分的作用為：

      （一）太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電池(chi)板(ban)：太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電池(chi)板(ban)是太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)發電系統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)核(he)心部(bu)分，也是太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)發電系統中(zhong)(zhong)價值最高(gao)的(de)部(bu)分。其作用是將太陽(yang)(yang)的(de)輻射能(neng)力轉換為(wei)電能(neng)，或送(song)往蓄電池(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)儲起來，或推動負載工作。 

      （二）太陽(yang)能控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)：太陽(yang)能控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)作用是(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)整個(ge)系(xi)統的(de)工作狀態，并(bing)對(dui)蓄電池起到過(guo)充電保(bao)護、過(guo)放電保(bao)護的(de)作用。在溫(wen)差較大的(de)地(di)方，合格(ge)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)還(huan)應(ying)具備溫(wen)度(du)補償的(de)功能。其他(ta)附加功能如光控(kong)(kong)開關、時控(kong)(kong)開關都應(ying)當(dang)是(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)可選項(xiang)； 

      （三）蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)：一般為(wei)鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，小(xiao)微型(xing)系統(tong)中，也(ye)可用(yong)鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)(chi)或鋰電(dian)池(chi)(chi)。其作(zuo)用(yong)是在有光照時將太陽能電(dian)池(chi)(chi)板所(suo)發出的(de)電(dian)能儲存起(qi)來，到(dao)需要的(de)時候再釋放出來。 

      （四）逆變器(qi)：太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)直(zhi)接輸出(chu)一般都是(shi)12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)向220VAC的(de)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，需(xu)要將太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)系統所(suo)發出(chu)的(de)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)交流電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，因此需(xu)要使用DC-AC逆變器(qi)。