太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)分光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)和光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)。不(bu)論(lun)產銷量(liang)、發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)速度和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)前景、光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)都趕不(bu)上光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)。可能因光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)普(pu)及較廣(guang)而接觸光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)較少(shao)，通(tong)常(chang)民間(jian)所說(shuo)的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)往往指的(de)就是太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)，簡(jian)稱光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)。

       光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是根(gen)據光(guang)生伏(fu)特效應原理,利用太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)能(neng)(neng)直(zhi)接轉(zhuan)化為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。不論是獨立使用還是并網發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)主要(yao)(yao)由太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板（組件(jian)(jian)）、控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)和逆變器(qi)(qi)三大(da)部分組成，它們(men)主要(yao)(yao)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)構成，不涉及機械部件(jian)(jian),所以,光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備極為精(jing)煉(lian),可靠穩定壽命(ming)長、安裝維護簡(jian)便(bian)。理論上講,光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術(shu)可以用于任何需要(yao)(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的場合(he),上至航天器(qi)(qi),下至家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan),大(da)到(dao)兆瓦級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站,小到(dao)玩具(ju),光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)無處不在(zai)。國產(chan)晶體(ti)硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)效率在(zai)10至13%左(zuo)右，國外同(tong)類產(chan)品效率約12至14%。由一個(ge)或多個(ge)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)片組成的太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板稱為光(guang)伏(fu)組件(jian)(jian)。

       太陽能(neng)光伏(fu)發電系統由太陽能(neng)電池(chi)組(zu)、太陽能(neng)控制(zhi)器(qi)、蓄電池(chi)（組(zu)）組(zu)成。如輸出(chu)電源(yuan)為交流220V或(huo)110V，還需要配置逆(ni)變器(qi)。各部分的作用(yong)為：

      （一）太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電池(chi)(chi)板(ban)：太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電池(chi)(chi)板(ban)是太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)發電系(xi)統(tong)中的(de)核心部(bu)分，也(ye)是太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)發電系(xi)統(tong)中價值最高的(de)部(bu)分。其作用(yong)是將太(tai)陽(yang)的(de)輻(fu)射(she)能(neng)力轉(zhuan)換為電能(neng)，或送往(wang)蓄電池(chi)(chi)中存儲起來，或推動負(fu)載工作。 

      （二(er)）太陽能控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)：太陽能控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)是控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)整個系統的(de)工作狀態，并對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)池起到(dao)過充電(dian)保護、過放電(dian)保護的(de)作用(yong)(yong)。在溫差較大的(de)地方(fang)，合格(ge)的(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)還應具備溫度(du)補償的(de)功能。其他附加功能如(ru)光(guang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)開關(guan)(guan)、時控(kong)(kong)(kong)開關(guan)(guan)都應當是控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)可選(xuan)項(xiang)； 

      （三(san)）蓄電(dian)池：一般為鉛酸電(dian)池，小微型系(xi)統中，也可用(yong)鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池、鎳鎘電(dian)池或鋰電(dian)池。其作用(yong)是(shi)在有光照時(shi)將太陽能電(dian)池板所(suo)發出的電(dian)能儲存(cun)起來(lai)，到需要的時(shi)候再釋(shi)放出來(lai)。 

     ; （四(si)）逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器：太陽能(neng)的(de)直接輸出一(yi)般都是12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為能(neng)向220VAC的(de)電(dian)器提(ti)供電(dian)能(neng)，需(xu)要將太陽能(neng)發電(dian)系統所發出的(de)直流電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換成交(jiao)流電(dian)能(neng)，因此需(xu)要使用DC-AC逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)器。