太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)發(fa)電分光(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)電和光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電。不(bu)論產銷量(liang)、發(fa)展速度(du)和發(fa)展前景、光(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)電都趕不(bu)上(shang)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電。可(ke)能(neng)因光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電普及較(jiao)廣而接觸光(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)電較(jiao)少(shao)，通(tong)常民(min)間所說的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)發(fa)電往往指的(de)就是太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)電，簡稱光(guang)(guang)電。

       光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)根據(ju)光(guang)生伏(fu)特(te)效應原理,利用(yong)太(tai)(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將太(tai)(tai)陽光(guang)能直接轉化為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。不(bu)論(lun)是(shi)獨立使用(yong)還(huan)是(shi)并(bing)網發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統主(zhu)要由太(tai)(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板（組件）、控制器(qi)和逆變器(qi)三大(da)部(bu)分組成(cheng)(cheng)，它們(men)主(zhu)要由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器(qi)件構成(cheng)(cheng)，不(bu)涉(she)及機(ji)械部(bu)件,所(suo)以,光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備極(ji)為(wei)精煉,可靠穩定壽(shou)命長、安裝維護簡便。理論(lun)上講(jiang),光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術可以用(yong)于任(ren)何需(xu)要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)場合(he),上至航天器(qi),下至家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源,大(da)到兆(zhao)瓦級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站,小到玩具,光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源無(wu)處(chu)不(bu)在。國產晶(jing)體硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)效率在10至13%左右，國外同(tong)類產品效率約12至14%。由一個或多個太(tai)(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)片組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板稱為(wei)光(guang)伏(fu)組件。

       太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)系(xi)統由(you)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)池組(zu)(zu)、太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能控制器、蓄電(dian)池（組(zu)(zu)）組(zu)(zu)成。如輸出電(dian)源為交流220V或(huo)110V，還需(xu)要配置逆(ni)變(bian)器。各部分的作(zuo)用為：

      （一）太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板：太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板是(shi)(shi)太陽(yang)能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統中的(de)(de)核心(xin)部分，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)太陽(yang)能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統中價值最高(gao)的(de)(de)部分。其作用(yong)是(shi)(shi)將太陽(yang)的(de)(de)輻(fu)射(she)能(neng)力(li)轉換為(wei)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，或送往(wang)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中存(cun)儲(chu)起(qi)來，或推動負載工作。 

     ; （二(er)）太陽能控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制器：太陽能控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制器的作(zuo)用是控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制整(zheng)個(ge)系統的工作(zuo)狀態，并對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池起(qi)到(dao)過充電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)、過放電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)的作(zuo)用。在溫差(cha)較(jiao)大的地方，合格的控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制器還應具備溫度補償的功能。其他附加(jia)功能如光(guang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)開(kai)關、時控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)開(kai)關都(dou)應當是控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制器的可選項； 

      （三）蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)：一般(ban)為鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，小(xiao)微型系統中，也可(ke)用(yong)(yong)鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。其作用(yong)(yong)是在有光照時將太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板所發出的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能儲存(cun)起來，到需要(yao)的時候再釋放出來。 

      （四）逆變(bian)器(qi)：太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)的(de)直接(jie)輸出(chu)一般都是12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為能(neng)向(xiang)220VAC的(de)電器(qi)提供(gong)電能(neng)，需要將太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)發電系(xi)統所(suo)發出(chu)的(de)直流電能(neng)轉換成交(jiao)流電能(neng)，因此需要使用DC-AC逆變(bian)器(qi)。