太陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分(fen)光(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。不(bu)論產銷量、發(fa)(fa)展速度和發(fa)(fa)展前景、光(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)都趕(gan)不(bu)上光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可能(neng)(neng)因(yin)光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)普及較(jiao)廣而(er)接(jie)觸光(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較(jiao)少，通常民間所說的太陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)往(wang)往(wang)指的就是太陽能(neng)(neng)光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，簡(jian)稱光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

       光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)根據光(guang)(guang)生伏(fu)特(te)效(xiao)(xiao)應原理(li),利用太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)將太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)能(neng)直接轉化為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。不(bu)論(lun)是(shi)獨立使用還是(shi)并(bing)網發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)主要由太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板（組件）、控制器和逆變器三大部(bu)分組成，它們主要由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元器件構成，不(bu)涉及機械部(bu)件,所以(yi),光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)極為精(jing)煉,可(ke)靠穩定(ding)壽命(ming)長、安裝維護簡便。理(li)論(lun)上(shang)講,光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術可(ke)以(yi)用于任何需要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)場合,上(shang)至(zhi)航天器,下至(zhi)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan),大到(dao)兆(zhao)瓦級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站,小到(dao)玩具,光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)無處不(bu)在。國(guo)產晶體硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)效(xiao)(xiao)率在10至(zhi)13%左右，國(guo)外同(tong)類產品(pin)效(xiao)(xiao)率約12至(zhi)14%。由一個或多個太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)片組成的(de)太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板稱為光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)組件。

       太陽能(neng)光伏發電系統由(you)太陽能(neng)電池(chi)組、太陽能(neng)控制器、蓄電池(chi)（組）組成。如輸出(chu)電源為(wei)交(jiao)流220V或(huo)110V，還需要(yao)配(pei)置逆變(bian)器。各部分的作用為(wei)：

      （一）太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池板(ban)：太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池板(ban)是太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)核心部分，也是太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)價(jia)值(zhi)最高的(de)部分。其作用是將太(tai)陽(yang)的(de)輻(fu)射(she)能(neng)(neng)力轉換為(wei)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，或(huo)送往蓄電(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)(zhong)存儲(chu)起(qi)來，或(huo)推動(dong)負載工作。 

      （二）太(tai)陽(yang)能控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)：太(tai)陽(yang)能控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)的(de)(de)作用(yong)是控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)整個系統的(de)(de)工作狀(zhuang)態，并對蓄電池起到過(guo)(guo)充電保護、過(guo)(guo)放電保護的(de)(de)作用(yong)。在(zai)溫(wen)差較(jiao)大的(de)(de)地方，合格的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)還應(ying)具備溫(wen)度補償的(de)(de)功(gong)能。其他附加功(gong)能如光控(kong)(kong)(kong)開(kai)關(guan)、時控(kong)(kong)(kong)開(kai)關(guan)都應(ying)當(dang)是控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)的(de)(de)可選(xuan)項； 

      （三(san)）蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)：一(yi)般(ban)為鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，小(xiao)微型系(xi)統中，也可用鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。其作用是在有光照時(shi)將太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板所發出(chu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能儲存起來，到(dao)需要的時(shi)候再釋放出(chu)來。 

      （四）逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)：太(tai)陽能(neng)的直接輸出(chu)一般都(dou)是12VDC、24VDC、48VDC。為能(neng)向220VAC的電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，需(xu)要將太(tai)陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)系統所發出(chu)的直流電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換成交流電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，因此需(xu)要使用DC-AC逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)(qi)。